Narendra Damodardas Modi

 

Narendra Modi 

India's 14 Prime Minister

Early Life and Education

• Narendra Modi was born on 17 September 1950 in the state Gujarat to a Hindu family. He was sixth child to Damodardas Modi and Hiraben Modi. As a child Narendra Modi used to help his father at the railway to sell tea at the Vadnagar Railway Station. Narendra Modi completed his higher education in Vadnagar in 1967 where his teacher described him as an average child.
• When eight years old, Modi was introduced to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and began attending its local (training sessions). There, Modi met Lakshmanrao Inamdar, popularly known as Vakil Saheb, who inducted him as a balswayamsevak (junior cadet) in the RSS and became his political mentor. While Modi was training with the RSS, he also met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda Bharatiya Jana Sangh leaders who were founding members of the BJP's Gujarat unit in 1980.
• Modi spent the ensuing two years travelling across Northern and North eastern India, though few details of where he went have emerged. In interviews, Modi has described visiting Hindu ashrams founded by Swami Vivekananda: the Belur Math near Kolkata, followed by the Advaita Ashrama in Almora and the Ramakrishna Mission in Rajkot. Modi remained only a short time at each, since he lacked the required college education. Vivekananda has been described as a large influence in Modi's life.
• In early summers Narendra Modi reached to Belur Math but was turned away as the after which Modi wandered through the streets of Calcutta and Assam stopping at Siliguri. Modi went back to the ashram in Almora where was rejected before travelling to Gujarat and Rajasthan in the year 1968 69. Modi then returned to Vadnagar and then left to Ahmadabad with his uncle and started working in a canteen at the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation.
• Modi renewed his acquaintance with Inamdar who was based at the Hadegwar Bhavan (RSS Headquarter) in the city. Modi was first politically known the year 1971 when he joined the Jana Sangh. This Jana Sangh was led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee. But then the Indira Gandhi let the Central Government and disallowed the Mukti Bhahini and Modi was put into Tihar Jail for a short period of time. After the Indo Pakistan in 1971 Modi stopped working with his uncle and worked full time for RSS.
• In the year 1978 Modi received a BA degree in Political Science from the School of Open Learning at the University of Delhi graduating with a third class. Five years later he received a MA degree in Political Science from Gujarat University graduating with first class as an external distance learning .

Early Political Career

• In June 1975 when emergency was declared during the Indira Gandhi rule in India which was lasted for 2 years. Many political leader who raised questioned against the emergency were banned and were put in jail and one of them was Narendra Modi. Modi was shortly appointed as a generally secretary of "Gujarat Lok Sangharash Samiti" an RSS committee coordinating opposition to the Emergency in Gujarat. Shortly afterwards, the RSS was banned. Modi was forced to go underground in Gujarat and frequently travelled in disguise to avoid arrest. He became involved in printing pamphlets opposing the government, sending them to Delhi and organizing demonstrations.
• During this period, Modi wrote a book in Gujarati, Sangharsh Ma Gujarat In The Struggles of Gujarat ), describing events during the Among the people he met in this role was trade unionist and socialist activist George Fernandes, as well as several other national political figures. In his travels during the Emergency, Modi was often forced to move in disguise, once dressing as a monk, and once as a Sikh.
• Modi became an RSS sambhag pracharak (regional organizer) in 1978, overseeing RSS activities in the areas of Surat and Vadodara, and in 1979 he went to work for the RSS in Delhi, where he was put to work researching and writing the RSS's version of the history of the Emergency. He returned to Gujarat a short while later and was assigned by the RSS to the BJP in 1985. In 1987 Modi helped organize the BJP's campaign in the Ahmedabad municipal election, which the BJP won comfortably; Modi's planning has been described as the reason for that result by biographers. After L. K. Advani became president of the BJP in 1986, the RSS decided to place its members in important positions within the BJP; Modi's work during the Ahmedabad election led to his selection for this role, and Modi was elected organizing secretary of the BJP's Gujarat unit later in 1987.
• Modi rose within the party and was named a member of the BJP's National Election Committee in 1990, helping organize L. K. Advani's 1990 Ram Rath Yatra in 1990 and Murli Manohar Joshi's 1991 92 Ekta Yatra (Journey for However, he took a brief break from politics in 1992, instead establishing a school in Ahmedabad; friction with Shankersinh Vaghela, a BJP MP from Gujarat at the time, also played a part in this decision.
• Modi returned to electoral politics in 1994, partly at the insistence of Advani, and as party secretary, Modi's electoral strategy was considered central to the BJP victory in the 1995 state assembly elections. In November of that year Modi was appointed BJP national secretary and transferred to New Delhi, where he assumed responsibility for party activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.

Chief Minister of Gujarat 

1. Taking Office

• In the year 2001 Keshubhai Patel health was failing, and the BJP lost a few state assembly seats in by elections. Allegations of corruptions and poor administration were made and damaged Keshubhai Patel’s and his administration and the administration had been damaged with the handling the 2001 Bhutto earthquake. The BJP national leadership needed a new candidate for the heir membership and Modi was chosen as a replacement. Although BJP leader L.K Advani did not wanted to ostracize Patel and was concerned about Modi’s lack in experience in the government. Modi declined an offer of a deputy chief minister telling Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee that he was going to be fully responsible for Gujarat or not all. On 3 October Modi replaced Patel as the Chief Minister and sworn as a Chief Minister.

     2. 2002 Gujarat Riots 

• On February 2002 a train carrying several hundred passages was returning from Ayodhya after a religious at the site a of demolished Babri Masjid was attacked and burnt near Godhra killing approximately 60. In making a public statement after the incident, Modi declared it a terrorist attack planned and orchestrated by local Muslims. The next day, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad called for a bandh across the state. Riots began during the bandh , and anti Muslim violence spread through Gujarat. The government's decision to move the bodies of the train victims from Godhra to Ahmedabad further inflamed the violence. The state government stated later that 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed. Independent sources put the death toll at over 2000. Approximately 150,000 people were driven to refugee camps. Numerous women and children were among the victims; the violence included mass rapes and mutilations of women.
• The government of Gujarat itself is generally considered by scholars to have been complicit in the riots, and has otherwise received heavy criticism for its handling of the situation. Several scholars have described the violence as a pogrom, while others have called it an example of state terrorism. Summarizing academic views on the subject, Martha Nussbaum said: "There is by now a broad consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic cleansing, that in many ways it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the complicity of the state government and officers of the law. The Modi government imposed a curfew in 26 major cities, issued shoot at sight orders and called for the army to patrol the streets, but was unable to prevent the violence from escalating.
• The president of the state unit of the BJP expressed support for the bandh , despite such actions being illegal at the time. State officials later prevented riot victims from leaving the refugee camps, and the camps were often unable to meet the needs of those living there. Muslim victims of the riots were subject to further discrimination when the state government announced that compensation for Muslim victims would be half of that offered to Hindus, although this decision was later reversed after the issue was taken to court. During the riots, police officers often did not intervene in situations where they were able. 

      3. 2002 Elections 

• In the aftermath of the violence there were widespread calls for Modi to resign as chief minister from within and outside the state, including from leaders of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Telugu Desam Party (allies in the BJP led National Democratic Alliance coalition), and opposition parties stalled Parliament over the issue. Modi submitted his resignation at the April 2002 BJP national executive meeting in Goa, but it was not accepted. His cabinet had an emergency meeting on 19 July 2002, after which it offered its resignation to the Gujarat Governor S. S. Bhandari, and the state assembly was dissolved. Despite opposition from the election commissioner, who said that a number of voters were still displaced, Modi succeeded in advancing the election to December 2002.
• In the elections, the BJP won 127 seats in the 182 member assembly. Although Modi later denied it, he made significant use of anti Muslim rhetoric during his campaign, and the BJP profited from religious polarization among the voters. He won the Maninagar constituency, receiving 113,589 of 154,981 votes and defeating INC candidate Yatin Oza by 75,333 votes. On 22 December 2002, Bhandari swore Modi in for a second term. Modi framed the criticism of his government for human rights violations as an attack upon Gujarati pride, a strategy which led to the BJP winning two thirds of the seats in the state assembly.

    4. Development Program

• As Chief Minister, Modi favored privatization and small government , which was at odds with the philosophy of the RSS, usually described as anti privatisation and anti globalisation . His policies during his second term have been credited with reducing corruption in the state. He established financial and technology parks in Gujarat and during the 2007 Vibrant Gujarat summit, real estate investment deals worth ₹6.6 trillion (equivalent to ₹17 trillion or US$220 billion in 2020) were signed.
• The governments led by Patel and Modi supported NGOs and communities in the creation of groundwater conservation projects. By December 2008, 500,000 structures had been built, of which 113,738 were check dams , which helped recharge the aquifers beneath them.
• Sixty of the 112 tehsils which had depleted the water table in 2004 had regained their normal groundwater levels by 2010. As a result, the state's production of genetically modified cotton increased to become the largest in India. The boom in cotton production and its semi arid land use led to Gujarat's agricultural sector growing at an average rate of 9.6 percent from 2001 to 2007. Public irrigation measures in central and southern Gujarat, such as the Sardar Sarovar Dam , were less successful. The Sardar Sarovar project only irrigated 4 6% of the area intended.
• The Modi government finished the process of bringing electricity to every village in Gujarat that its predecessor had almost completed. Modi significantly changed the state's system of power distribution, greatly impacting farmers. Gujarat expanded the Jyotigram Yojana scheme, in which agricultural electricity was separated from other rural electricity; the agricultural electricity was rationed to fit scheduled irrigation demands, reducing its cost. Although early protests by farmers ended when those who benefited found that their electricity supply had stabilized, according to an assessment study corporations and large farmers benefited from the policy at the expense of small farmers and laborer's.

Premium Campaign 

1. 2014 Indian General Campaign (Prime Minister's General Election)

• In September 2013 Modi was named the BJP's candidate for prime minister ahead of the 2014 Lok Sabha election Several BJP leaders expressed opposition to Modi's candidature, including BJP founding member L. K. Advani, who cited concern with leaders who were "concerned with their personal agendas "Modi played a dominant role in the BJP's election campaign. Several people who voted for the BJP stated that if Modi had not been the prime ministerial candidate, they would have voted for another party. The focus on Modi as an individual was unusual for a BJP election campaign. The election was described as a referendum on Narendra Modi.
• During the campaign, Modi focused on the corruption scandals under the previous INC government and played on his image as a politician who had created a high rate of GDP growth in Gujarat. Modi projected himself as a person who could bring about "development," without focus on any specific His message found support among young Indians and among middle class citizens. The BJP under Modi was able to downplay concerns about the protection of religious minorities and Modi's commitment to secularism , areas in which he had previously received.
• Prior to the election Modi's image in the media had centered around his role in the 2002 Gujarat riots, but during the campaign the BJP was able to shift this to a focus on Modi's neoliberal ideology and the Gujarat model of development, although Hindutva remained a significant part of its campaign.
• The BJP's campaign was assisted by its wide influence in the media. Modi's campaign blitz cost approximately ₹50 billion (US$660 million) and received extensive financial support from corporate donors. In addition to more conventional campaign methods, Modi made extensive use of social media, and addressed more than 1000 rallies via hologram appearances.
• The BJP won 31% of the vote, and more than doubled its tally in the Lok Sabha to 282, becoming the first party to win a majority of seats on its own since 1984 Voter dissatisfaction with the INC, as well as with regional parties in North India, was another reason for the success of the BJP, as was the support from the RSS. In states such as Uttar Pradesh in which the BJP performed well, it drew exceptionally high support from upper caste Hindus, although the 10 percent of Muslim votes won was more than it had won before.
• It performed particularly well in parts of the country that had recently experienced violence between Hindus and Muslims. The magnitude of the BJP's victory led many commentators to say that the election constituted a political realignment away from progressive parties and towards the right wing. Modi's tweet announcing his victory was described as emblematic of the political realignment away from a secular, socialist state towards capitalism and Hindu cultural nationalism.
• Modi himself was a candidate for the Lok Sabha in two constituencies: Varanasi and Vadodara. He won in both constituencies, defeating Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal in Varanasi and Madhusudan Mistry of the INC in Vadodara by 570,128 votes. Modi, who was unanimously elected leader of the BJP, was appointed prime minister by India's president. To comply with the law that an MP cannot represent more than one constituency, he vacated the Vadodara seat.

     2. 2019 General Election Campaign (Prime Minister Election)

• On 13 October 2018, Modi was renamed as the BJP candidate for prime minister for the 2019 general election The chief campaigner for the party was BJP's president Amit Shah . Modi launched the Main Bhi Chowkidar campaign ahead of the general election. In the year 2018, end Party's , second biggest alliance Telugu Desam Party split from NDA over the matter of special status for Andhra Pradesh.
• The campaign was started by Amit Shah on 8 April 2019. In the campaign, Modi was targeted by the opposition on corruption allegations over Rafale deal with France government . Highlighting this controversy, the campaign " Chowkidar Chor Hai " was started, which was contrary to " Main Bhi Chowkidar " Modi made defence and national security among the foremost topics for the election campaign , especially after Pulwama attack , and the retaliatory attack of Balakot airstrike was counted as an achievement of the Modi administration Other topics in the campaign were development and good foreign relations in the first premiership.
• Modi contested the Lok Sabha elections as a candidate from Varanasi . He won the seat by defeating Shalini Yadav of the Samajwadi Party , who fought on SP BSP alliance by a margin of 479,505 votes. Modi was unanimously appointed the prime minister for a second time by the National Democratic Alliance after the alliance won the election for the second time by securing 353 seats in the Lok Sabha with the BJP alone won 303 seats.

Prime Minister

• After the Bharatiya Janata Party led National Democratic Alliance won a landslide in the 2014 Lok Sabha election, Narendra Modi was sworn in as the Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014. He became the first Prime Minister born after India's independence from the British Empire in 1947. Modi started his second term after the Bharatiya Janata Party led National Democratic Alliance won again in the 2019 Lok Sabha election. Modi became the 4th longest serving Prime Minister of India and the longest serving Non Congress Prime Minister in 2020.

1. Governance and Other Initiatives

• His efforts at centralization have been linked to an increase in the number of senior administration officials resigning their positions. Initially lacking a majority in the Rajya Sabha, or upper house of Indian Parliament, Modi passed several ordinances to enact his policies, leading to further centralization of power. The government also passed a bill increasing the control that it had over the appointment of judges, and reducing that of the judiciary.
• In December 2014 Modi abolished the Planning Commission, replacing it with the National Institution for Transforming India, or NITI Aayog. The move had the effect of greatly centralizing the power previously with the planning commission in the person of the prime minister. The planning commission had received heavy criticism in previous years for creating inefficiency in the government, and of not filling its role of improving social welfare: however, since the economic liberalization of the 1990s, it had been the major government body responsible for measures related to social justice.
• The Modi government launched investigations by the Intelligence Bureau against numerous civil society organizations and foreign non governmental organizations in the first year of the administration. Modi repealed 1,200 obsolete laws in first three years as prime minister; a total of 1,301 such laws had been repealed by previous governments over a span of 64 years. He started a monthly radio programme titled "Mann Ki Baat " on 3 October 2014. Modi also launched the Digital India programme , with the goal of ensuring that government services are available electronically, building infrastructure to provide high speed Internet access to rural areas, boosting manufacturing of electronic goods in the country, and promoting digital literacy.
• Modi launched Ujjwala scheme to provide free LPG connection to rural households. The scheme led to an increase in LPG consumption by 56% in 2019 as compared to 2014. In 2019, a law was passed to provide 10% reservation to Economically weaker sections.
• He was again sworn in as prime minister on 30 May 2019. On 30 July 2019, Parliament of India declared the practice of Triple Talaq as illegal, unconstitutional and made it punishable act from 1 August 2019 which is deemed to be in effect from 19 September 2018. On 5 August 2019, the government moved resolution to scrap Article 370 in the Rajya Sabha, and also reorganise the state with Jammu and Kashmir serving as one of the union territory and Ladakh region separated out as a separate union territory. 

     2. Economic Policy 

• In September 2014, Modi introduced the Make in India initiative to encourage foreign companies to manufacture products in India, with the goal of turning the country into a global manufacturing hub. Supporters of economic liberalization supported the initiative, while critics argued it would allow foreign corporations to capture a greater share of the Indian market. Modi's administration passed a land reform bill that allowed it to acquire private agricultural land without conducting a social impact assessment, and without the consent of the farmers who owned it.
• The bill was passed via an executive order after it faced opposition in parliament but was eventually allowed to lapse. Modi's government put in place the Goods and Services Tax, the biggest tax reform in the country since independence. It subsumed around 17 different taxes and became effective from 1 July 2017.
• In his first cabinet decision, Modi set up a team to investigate black money. On 9 November 2016, the government demonetized ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes, with the stated intention of curbing corruption, black money, the use of counterfeit currency, and terrorism. The move led to severe cash shortages, a steep decline in the Indian stock indices BSE SENSEX and NIFTY 50 and sparked widespread protests throughout the country. Several deaths were linked to the rush to exchange cash. In the subsequent year, the number of income tax returns filed for individuals rose by 25%, and the number of digital transactions increased steeply.
• Over the first four years of Modi's premiership , India's GDP grew at an average rate of 7.23%, higher than the rate of 6.39% under the previous government. The level of income inequality increased, while an internal government report said that in 2017, unemployment had increased to its highest level in 45 years. The loss of jobs was attributed to the 2016 demonetization , and to the effects of the Goods and Services Tax.
• In the next year, after 2018, Indian economy started a gradual recovery with a GDP growth of 6.12% in 2018 19 FY , with an inflation rate of Same year, India was successful in making a good economy in trade and manufacturing sector. While in the FY of 2019 20, due to the general election , Modi government focused more on their election campaign . In the year 2019 20, the GDP growth rate was 4.18% and inflation rate also increased to 4.7% from 3.4% in the previous year. Though being high unemployment, increase in inflation rate and budget deficiency, Modi's leadership won in 2019 elections.

    3. Health and Sanitations 

• In his first year as prime minister, Modi reduced the amount of money spent by the central government on healthcare. The Modi government launched New Health Policy (NHP). The healthcare budget rose by 11.5% in 2018; the change included an allocation of ₹20 billion (US$270 million) for a government funded health insurance program, and a decrease in the budget of the National Health Mission.
• The government introduced stricter packaging laws for tobacco which requires 85% of the packet size to be covered by pictorial warnings. An article in the medical journal Lancet stated that the country "might have taken a few steps back in public health" under Modi. In 2018 Modi launched the Ayushman Bharat Yojana, a government health insurance scheme intended to insure 500 million people. 100,000 people had signed up by October 2018.
• Modi emphasized his government's efforts at sanitation as a means of ensuring good health. On 2 October 2014, Modi launched the Swachh Bharat Mission ("Clean India") campaign. The stated goals of the campaign included eliminating open defecation and manual scavenging within five years. As part of the programme , the Indian government began constructing millions of toilets in rural areas and encouraging people to use them.
• The government also announced plans to build new sewage treatment plants. The administration plans to construct 60 million toilets by 2019. The construction projects have faced allegations of corruption and have faced severe difficulty in getting people to use the toilets constructed for them. Sanitation cover in the country increased from 38.7% in October 2014 to 84.1% in May 2018; however, usage of the new sanitary facilities lagged the government's targets. In 2018, the World Health Organization stated that at least 180,000 diarrheal deaths were averted in rural India after the launch of the sanitation effort.

    4. Foreign Policy 

• Foreign policy played a relatively small role in Modi's election campaign, and did not feature prominently in the BJP's election manifesto. Modi invited all the other leaders of SAARC countries to his swearing in ceremony as prime minister. He was the first Indian prime minister to do so. Modi's foreign policy, similarly to that of the preceding INC government, focused on improving economic ties, security, and regional relations. Modi continued Manmohan Singh's policy of "multi alignment."
• The Modi administration tried to attract foreign investment in the Indian economy from several sources, especially in East Asia, with the use of slogans such as " Make in India " and " Digital India ". The government also tried to improve relations with Islamic nations in the Middle East , such as Bahrain Iran Saudi Arabia , and the United Arab Emirates , as well as with Israel.
• The foreign relations of India with the USA also mended after Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister. During the run up to the general election there was wide ranging skepticism regarding future of the strategic bilateral relation under Modi's premiership as in 2005 he was, while Chief Minister of Gujarat , denied a U.S. visa during the Bush administration for his poor human rights records. However sensing Modi's inevitable victory well before the election, the US Ambassador Nancy Powell had reached out to him as part of greater rapprochement from the west. Moreover, following his 2014 election as the Prime Minister of India President Obama congratulated him over the telephone and invited him to visit the US. Modi government has been successful in making good foreign relations with the USA in the presidency of both Barack Obama and Donald Trump.
• During the first few months after the election, Modi made trips to several different countries to further the goals of his policy, and attended the BRICS ASEAN , and G20 summits. One of Modi's first visits as prime minister was to Nepal, during which he promised a billion USD in aid. Modi also made several overtures to the United States, including multiple visits to that country. While this was described as an unexpected development, due to the US having previously denied Modi a travel visa over his role during the 2002 Gujarat riots, the visits were expected to strengthen diplomatic and trade relations between the two countries.

    5. Defense Policy 

• India's nominal military spending increased steadily under Modi. The military budget declined over Modi's tenure both as a fraction of GDP and when adjusted for inflation. A substantial portion of the military budget was devoted to personnel costs, leading commentators to write that the budget was constraining Indian military modernization.
• The BJP election manifesto had also promised to deal with illegal immigration into India in the Northeast, as well as to be firmer in its handling of insurgent groups. The Modi government issued a notification allowing Hindu, Sikh, and Buddhist illegal immigrants from Pakistan and Bangladesh to legalize their residency in India. The government described the measure as being taken for humanitarian reasons but it drew criticism from several Assamese organizations.
• Modi promised to be "tough on Pakistan" during his election campaign, and repeatedly stated that Pakistan was an exporter of terrorism. On 29 September 2016, the Indian Army stated that it had conducted a surgical strike on terror launch pads in Azad Kashmir. The Indian media claimed that up to 50 terrorists and Pakistani soldiers had been killed in the strike.
• Pakistan initially denied that any strikes had taken place. Subsequent reports suggested that Indian claim about the scope of the strike and the number of casualties had been exaggerated, although cross border strikes had been carried out. In February 2019 India carried out airstrikes in Pakistan against a supposed terrorist camp. Further military skirmishes followed, including cross border shelling and the loss of an Indian aircraft.
• Following his victory in 2019 Lok Sabha elections, he focused more on Defense policies of India, especially against China and Pakistan. On 5 May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops engaged in aggressive melee, face offs and skirmishes at locations along the Sino Indian border, including near the disputed Pangong Lake in Ladakh and the Tibet Autonomous Region, and near the border between Sikkim and the Tibet Autonomous Region.
• Additional clashes also took place at locations in eastern Ladakh along the Line of Actual Control ( After which there was start of skirmishes between the nation's leading to many border clashes, responses and reactions from both sides. A series of talks were also held between the two by both military and diplomatic means for peace. The first border clash reported in 2021 was on 20 January, referred to as a minor border clash in Sikkim

Election History 

His Notable Works 

1. Personal Donations

• Modi has made donations for various causes and programmes totaling more than ₹1.03 billion (US$14 million) so far, including proceeds from auctions as well as from his personal savings. Modi also has made contributions to the Girl Child Education, Clean Ganga Mission, among other causes. In 2019, he donated ₹2.1 million (US$28,000) from his personal savings for the welfare of sanitation workers of Kumbh Mela. On such instance was when Modi donated ₹225,000 (US$3,000) towards the initial corpus of the Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations (PM CARES) Fund. The fund was set up in March to “deal with emergency or distress situations such as the coronavirus pandemic".
• On receiving the Seoul Peace Prize in South Korea, he had immediately announced that the entire prize money of ₹13 million (US$170,000) would go towards the Namami Gange project to help clean the River Ganga.
• Recently, an auction of mementoes received by Modi after assuming office as prime minister garnered ₹34 million (US$450,000), which was also donated to the Namami Gange project. In his role as chief minister of Gujarat, Modi had donated ₹2.1 million (US$28,000) from personal savings for educating daughters of state government officials. Modi had also raised ₹899.6 million (US$12 million) by auctioning all the gifts he received as chief minister and donated this to the Kanya Kelavani Fund. The money was spent on the education of girl children, through the scheme.

    2. Approval Ratings 

• As a Prime Minister, Modi has received consistently high approval ratings; at the end of his first year in office, he received an overall approval rating of 87% in a Pew Research poll, with 68% of people rating him "very favorably" and 93% approving of his government. His approval rating remained largely consistent at around 74% through his second year in office, according to a nationwide poll conducted by instaVaani.
• At the end of his second year in office, an updated Pew Research poll showed Modi continued to receive high overall approval ratings of 81%, with 57% of those polled rating him "very favorably." At the end of his third year in office, a further Pew Research poll showed Modi with an overall approval rating of 88%, his highest yet, with 69% of people polled rating him "very favorably."
• A poll conducted by The Times of India in May 2017 showed 77% of the respondents rated Modi as "very good" and "good" In early 2017, a survey from Pew Research Center showed Modi to be the most popular figure in Indian politics. In a weekly analysis by Morning Consult called the Global Leader Approval Rating Tracker, Modi had the highest net approval rating as of 22 December 2020 of all government leaders in the 13 countries being tracked.

   3. State Honors 

Sources and Other Link

• Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi#Early_life_and_education
• Parliament of India Lok Sabha
  http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4589
  https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/
• DNA: https://www.dnaindia.com/topic/prime minister narendra modi
• Narendra Modi Web Page: https://www.narendramodi.in/

“Election History” Excel’s Link 

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Ybm3fc2r5hfGZe5ClBrQ9Z_14qrQx_ SM/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=102915809997235500420&rtpof=true&sd=true

“State Honor’s” Excel Link

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1OPFk2qWop_3WHlPW4KHyfcv nNv4_wcX/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=102915809997235500420&rtpof=true&sd=t rue

PPT Link

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1B2pr7cEFNaeUqg6V5RNjbc6oILr778fh/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=102915809997235500420&rtpof=true&sd=true

Video Link 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6sXZCb21CI

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MK